Rock burst is the most attractive and hot research area in geomechanics, mining, and civil engineering due to the increasing depth of mines and construction of deep underground structures. It has also been a severe problem in ground control measures in the last few decades. Many studies have been done by different researchers in order to minimize the hazards of rock burst and to provide a safe mining/working environment. It is important to review the current advancement of rock burst prediction and its preventive measures. This paper reviews the experimental progress of rock burst warning, prediction, control measures, and potential damage measures. Different effective methods of rock burst prediction and control are also described.

In this research, various aspects of the rock burst phenomenon in the Haji-Abad tunnel site in the Hormozgan province have been discussed. Considering that the tunnel site is located in an active tectonized environment in terms of geological conditions and the depth of the tunnel in some parts reaches more than 100 to 253 m, and also considering the variety of rocks in the tunnel site, which are massive rocks with high strength up to broken fault zones, the importance of studying and investigating the phenomenon of rock burst is very important for the safety of the labor force and equipment and the stability of the underground space. For this purpose, the Haji-Abad tunnel site has been divided into ten units of engineering geological conditions using the BGD method, which includes eight units T1 to T8 and two crashed zones Tf1 and Tf2. Then, using common experimental and semi-experimental methods, the phenomenon of rock burst in the tunnel site has been evaluated. In the experimental procedure, Goel et al. 's criterion was used, according to which the rock burst phenomenon does not occur in any of the tunnel units. Using semi-empirical methods, including the criterion of linear elastic energy of the tunnel site units in the range of very low to moderate rock burst phenomena and using the tangential stress criterion, the site units in the medium to very high range and based on the stress criteria of these units in the moderate to high range and finally, using the fragility criterion, all site units are placed in the range of high rock burst.

Background: Increased rate of infections in diabetes mellitus (DM) is an accepted fact. Pathophysiologically, several tasks of the immune system could be involved including polymorphonuclear (PMN) functions.Objectives: The aim of this research was to evaluate the respiratory burst process of PMNs that is an essential part of phagocytosis, in children with DM.Patients and Methods: Fifty two children with insulin dependent diabetes and 29 non-diabetic children were enrolled in this cross sectional study from 2010 to 2011. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test was done on PMNs taken from their heparinized blood. The resultant data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. P values were considered significant when it was under 0.05.Results: Mean NBTs were 72.1  15.84 and 94.68  5.31 in diabetics and non-diabetics, respectively (P<0.001). Using Pearson correlation, there was no significant correlation between the NBT level and age, gender, duration of diabetes, daily insulin usage and blood HbA1C level.Conclusions: Compared to non-diabetics, respiratory burst process of polymorphonuclears is obviously decreased in diabetic children.This can explain one of the mechanisms involved in the increased rate of infections in DM.

The class of strong stochastic Runge{Kutta (SRK) methods for stochas-tic differential equations with a commutative noise proposed by R o ler (2010) is considered. Motivated by Komori and Burrage (2013), we design a class of explicit stochastic orthogonal Runge{Kutta Chebyshev (SROCKC2) meth-ods of strong order one for the approximation of the solution of It^o SDEs with an m-dimensional commutative noise. The mean-square and asymptotic stability analysis of the newly proposed methods applied to a scalar linear test equation with a multiplicative noise is presented. Finally, some numer-ical experiments for stochastic models arising in applications are given that con rm the theoretical discussion.

One of the geotechnical hazards in the tunnels under high overburden and high in situ stresses is the phenomenon of rock burst. Rock burst is a typical geologic phenomenon caused by excavation in rock masses. In this phenomenon, because of stress released and explosion in rock masses, they are broken as large and small pieces and are distributed, so that leads to damage of peoples or equipments. Therefore, familiar with this phenomenon and its mechanism of occurrence, is need to analyze this issue. The second part of water supply Karaj-Tehran tunnel with a length of 14 km and about 4.5 m diameter is located in Tehran province. Rock burst analysis has been carried out in the tunnel from kilometer 6 to 9.5 that is critical section because of high overburden (up to 800 m) and presence of faults and crushed zones. In this paper, for predicting rock burst in the critical section of second part of Karaj-Tehran tunnel, four criteria including, Strain energy, Rock brittleness, Seismic energy and Tangential stress criterion are used. Analysis results show that units with high overburden have high possibility of rock burst.

Time-dependent reversal of primed burst-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus following theta pulse stimulation (TPS) of Schaffer collaterals. The effect of TPS (5Hz, 900 pulses) on primed burst potentiatin was evaluated through the analysis of the slope of population excitatory post-synaptic potentials (pEPSPs) and amplitude of population spikes (PSs). TPS had no lasting effect on baseline synaptic responses, while produced a lasting depression of previously potentiated responses when delivered 3 mm after LTP induction. TPS produced progressively lower depotentiation at longer delays, until it had no effect 20 min after LTP induction. These results suggest that the hippocarnpal theta rhythm promotes the induction of LTP as well as its subsequent reversal. Reversal of LTP may function to refine memories and prevent saturation of the storage capacity of the neural network.